Is Putin a valid military target in this war? What about Moscow based senior political and governmental figures with roles related to the war effort?

Question

Putin apparently believes the head of state of Ukraine is a valid target, suitable to be dispatched by any means. Or at least that seems to be a reasonable interpretation of some reports. Doesn't that imply that Putin himself must be, as well?

What about other senior Russian figures, even if behind a desk in Moscow? Politicians, or those enabling the war effort?

How far across the Russian political and governmental landscape, would count as valid targets?

And under international law, who is entitled to act on that status? Just Ukraine and formally declared allies, or can any third party individual/group/state declare alignment with Ukraine and become a valid actor?

Answer 1

Russia is currently at war with Ukraine. An attack against not-directly-military targets in Russia (from bridges and power plants to aircraft factories and government offices) is legal if it follows the usual tests of the law of war.

• Necessity: is there a military reason for the attack?
• Distinction: Is there an attempt to aim at valid targets only?
• Proportionality: Are the consequences in relation to the military effect?

Armed forces can launch attack even if they expect collateral damage, as long as they expect the military damage to outweigh that. This is why protected sites like hospitals must be clearly marked, and not be used for other, military purposes (so they do not meet the necessity test).

The Russian President is the commander of the Russian forces and a legitimate target. So if Ukraine has a cruise missile that can hit his office, or his flat, they can try. Even if that missile may hit the flat next door. If they send uniformed troops hiking overland to Moscow, to make an infantry attack, that would also be legitimate. If the troops get captured, on the way in or the way out, they are entitled to POW status and cannot be punished for killing Russian soldiers.

Sending a plain-clothes assassin would not be covered. If such an assassin (or 'covert operator') is captured, the captors can try him or her in a criminal court, according to their domestic legal system. (So the issue of war crimes trials tends not to come up. Attempted murder is usually sufficient.) The definition of uniforms or 'distinctive insignia' was made to allow popular militas, guerillas, etc., as long as they behave in accordance with the laws of war. Here is an American study which concluded that Russia's 'polite green men' were probably covered, even without national insignia, because they were distinctive.

Other countries could join the war, either as allies of one side or the other, or as co-belligerents fighting the same enemy without being allied. (Finland claimed this status during WWII.) Once they are at war, the same rules apply to them.

Answer 2

V.Putin and V.Zelenskyy are both combatants and valid military targets.

V.Putin holds ultimate commanding authority over the Russian Armed Forces as Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, an executive role vested in the President of Russia in accordance with Article 87 of the Constitution.

V.Zelenskyy is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Ukraine.

Hence they are both combatants belonging to the military, so valid military targets, even if they are also well protected military targets, difficult to hit, due they extreme importance.

Just expressing opinions unlikely to make anybody a military target, unless this is something like a truck broadcasting propaganda to the enemy side on a front line.