What is the pacifist position on Ukraine?

Question

What/who are the prominent pacifist movements/organizations/thinkers in the 21st century, and what is their position on the conflict in Ukraine?

Much of the public and political discussion about the conflict in Ukraine is grounded in the concept of just war. Indeed, the initial anti-war sentiment was aimed only against the Russian "special operation"; however, waging war by Ukraine and the support thereof by the West are considered largely justified, and those who volunteered to fight and kill for Ukraine have been largely treated as heroes, and the pacifist attitudes have even been denounced.

One could agree that idealistic pacifism and/or non-resistance to violence is a no-go for Ukraine. However, pragmatic pacifism seems quire relevant: it is unlikely that Ukraine will be able to liberate all of its territory, which means that Ukraine and its allies will eventually need to seek an accommodation with Russia, lest countless Ukrainians and Russians continue to die in meaningless fighting. (Even if Ukraine were to regain the control over all of its territory, Ukraine and NATO will still need to coexist with Russia.) Politically, the question of accommodation with Russia imposes itself not only from a moral point of view, but also due to the economic hardships that the war brought to the world, particularly to Europe - in this sense pacifism could be a moral justification for negotiations with Russia.

To return to the question: I would like to learn more about modern pacifism, its views on the conflict in Ukraine, and whether any prominent western politicians have expressed opinions in favor of making concessions to Russia in order to end the war.

Answer 1

Politicians, especially those who are sufficiently prominent to be involved in actual governance, are very seldom pacifists. Accordingly, I am unaware of any statements made by pacifist politicians on the Russo-Ukranian War. However, a large number of (self-described) pacifist organisations have provided some level of commentary, and examples are found below.

Secular Organizations

War Resisters' International

Describes itself as,

a global network of grassroots antimilitarist and pacifist groups, working together for a world without war

and is one of the oldest and largest international pacifist networks, having been founded in 1921. It is based in London, UK. On February 24th 2022 they released the following statement,

As War Resisters' International, we are extremely concerned about the war in Ukraine. War is a crime against humanity!

We call on Russia to immediately cease all attacks and withdraw its troops from the borders with Ukraine.

We call on the people of Luhansk/Lugansk and Donetsk/Donetsk to make it clear to the Russian government that they want to determine their own destiny, not at the price of war.

We call on the Ukrainian government to renounce military resistance and to proclaim civil resistance instead.

We call on the Ukrainian people to refuse all obedience to a possible new government installed by Russia. This is called social defence. If everyone refuses to obey Russia's orders, if Russia occupies Ukraine, it will ultimately not be able to achieve its goals.

We also call on the Russian people and Russian soldiers to refuse all obedience to their government's acts of war, to resist non-violently and to bring about the removal of the Putin regime. This is also part of social defence.

We call on Russia, the UN, the OSCE, NATO and all governments to start negotiations immediately.

We call on NATO members to show moderation in their response to Russian aggression and not to make the Russian people pay for the crimes of their leadership.

We stand in solidarity with the people of Ukraine in these difficult times and we support those resisting war in Ukraine, Russia and elsewhere.

So essentially they condemn the Russian invasion and advocate the use of Civilian-based defence. More recently, WRI has published articles by Yurii Sheliazhenko, who is described as the executive secretary of a group called Ukrainian Pacifists. You can find the full article here. It is largely what one would expect from a pacifist group, but does include the following, somewhat interesting line,

We don’t call for any particular action now to ensure that peace plans will not be targeted by hatred and attacks of militarists

Peace Pledge Union

Is a British NGO, founded in 1934, which, in its own words, "has been campaigning for a warless World". Here is a summary of their position on the Russo-Ukrainian War,

The Peace Pledge Union stands in solidarity with peace campaigners in Ukraine, Russia and throughout the world who are resisting the war in Ukraine. Condemning the invasion of Ukraine and renouncing all war, we stand against both Russian militarism and NATO militarism.

The War Resisters League

Is an American organisation, founded in 1923 which claims to adhere to the following creed,

The War Resisters League affirms that all war is a crime against humanity. We are determined not to support any kind of war, international or civil, and to strive nonviolently for the removal of all causes of war, including racism, sexism and all forms of exploitation.

They released this statement in June 2022, which concludes as follows,

As an antimilitarist organization that has resisted war for a century, we affirm that our hope does not rely in the actions of nations which will always be self-interested. Our hope lies in the courageous experiments with nonviolence among people who resist violence and oppression. Our hope resides in recognizing that no person is our enemy, but war itself is the common enemy of all humanity.

To stop this war, we call for an end to the escalation, authentic peace talks, and a demilitarization of the region. There is no hope in military victory.

German Peace Society (DFG-VK)

Was founded in 1892 in Berlin, and released the following statement in February 2022,

Stop the war! Остановите войну!

After the deployment of Russian troops to the separatist regions of Luhansk and Donetsk and their recognition by Russia as independent states on Tuesday, this was followed Thursday morning by Russia's invasion of other parts of Ukraine in violation of international law on the orders of Russian President Vladimir Putin. Our solidarity is with the people of Ukraine and all who will suffer the consequences of this war.

We demand an immediate stop to the attacks on Ukraine, the withdrawal of Russian troops and a return to the negotiating table. We call on all soldiers to lay down their arms and refuse to go to war. We demand from the European Union to open its borders for refugees and to maintain the visa-free regime for Ukrainians. The German government must accept and support deserters and conscientious objectors from Ukraine and Russia.

We strictly reject arms deliveries to crisis and war zones, including Ukraine. These are counterproductive and make urgently needed peace negotiations impossible. There is no separation between defensive and offensive weapons. Any weapon can always be used to support own attacks or counterattacks. More weapons do not lead to peace, they rather pour oil on the fire of this conflict. We firmly reject demands from Germany for a military build- up or participation in the conflict.

We call on all countries to reject Russia's breach of international law. The approval of the Russian invasion by individual states outrages us. We advocate the outlawing and prohibition of wars of aggression worldwide and legal consequences for those responsible. We call for prudence in this difficult situation in order to prevent a further escalation of the war. Russia's president is threatening consequences for interference the likes of which have never been seen in history. Putin's threats, particularly with regard to the worldwide nuclear arsenals, fill us with concern. This situation highlights the need for the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

The vision of a pan-European peace order is becoming a distant prospect as a result of the invasion of Russian troops. Only a cessation of hostilities and the development of sustainable solutions can restore prospects for peaceful coexistence.

We welcome all non-violent protests in Russia, Ukraine and other parts of the world that demand the cessation of hostilities and work for peaceful solutions. We call on people to continue to take to the streets in the coming days and especially invite them to the large rally we are co-organizing on Sunday at 1 p.m. at the Victory Column in Berlin.

Assorted South Korean NGOs

You can find the full list of NGOs and their statement on the war (released February 2022) at the above link. This is the concluding paragraph,

We strongly stand in solidarity with all people living in Ukraine’s territory and support the people of Russia who are against the war. South Korean civil society calls for peace and stands in solidarity with people around the world who are against this war.

Stop the War Coalition

Is a British group established in 2001 which has been active in opposing the War in Afghanistan, the Iraq War, and NATO more generally. They give this description of their own activities,

Stop the War opposes the British establishment’s disastrous addiction to war and its squandering of public resources on militarism. We have initiated many campaigns around these issues.

We are committed to supporting Palestinian rights, opposing racism and Islamophobia, and to the defence of civil liberties.

In February 2022, they released the following statement in relation the Russo-Ukrainian War,

Stop the War condemns the movement of Russian forces into eastern Ukraine and urges that they immediately withdraw, alongside the resumption of diplomatic negotiations to resolve the crisis.

This dispute could and should be resolved peacefully, and that remains the only basis for a lasting settlement, rather than the imposition of military solutions. That it has not been resolved is not, however, the responsibility of the Russian or Ukrainian governments alone.

The conflict is the product of thirty years of failed policies, including the expansion of NATO and US hegemony at the expense of other countries as well as major wars of aggression by the USA, Britain and other NATO powers which have undermined international law and the United Nations.

The British government has played a provocative role in the present crisis, talking up war, decrying diplomacy as appeasement and escalating arms supplies and military deployments to Eastern Europe.

If there is to be a return to diplomacy, as there should be, the British government should pledge to oppose any further eastward expansion of NATO and should encourage a return to the Minsk-2 agreement, already signed by both sides, by all parties as a basis for ending the crisis in relations between Ukraine and Russia.

Beyond that, there now needs to be a unified effort to develop pan-European security arrangements which meet the needs of all states, something that should have been done when the Warsaw Pact was wound up at the end of the Cold War. The alternative is endless great power conflict with all the attendant waste of resources and danger of bloodshed and destruction.

We send our solidarity to all those campaigning for an end to the war, often under very difficult conditions, in Russia and Ukraine. Stop the War can best support them by demanding a change in Britain’s own policy, which can be seen to have failed.

Religious Groups

Soka Gakkai

Is a Japanese New Religious Group, founded in 1930, which is generally identified as Buddhist. They claim to have 12 million members and to be an organisation promoting "peace, culture and education", although their pacifist credentials have been disputed. Their president, Minoru Harada, released the following statement in February 2022,

The flames of war continue to spread in Ukraine. It is deeply regrettable that civilian casualties are on the rise. Many people's lives, livelihood and dignity have been threatened by the conflict. This is truly tragic. It is heartbreaking to see the dire situation every day. We strongly call for an immediate cessation of hostilities.

I hope that utmost efforts will be made by all countries concerned to prevent the situation from worsening. As a Buddhist, together with Sokai Gakkai members around the World, I am offering fervent prayers for the quickest possible end to the conflict and a return to peace and safety for all.

Anglican Pacifist Fellowship

Was established in 1937 and is based in the UK. In February 2022, they stated,

The Anglican Pacifist Fellowship does not believe that war is ever a way to solve disputes between or within countries. Jesus taught us that we should love our enemies and do good to those that hate us. To use violence against others does not meet with His teaching.

It is therefore with great sadness that we hear of the invasion of Ukraine and of the division and fighting over recent years in the Donbas Region. We think of all the people who will suffer as a result of this conflict, in Ukraine, Russia or surrounding countries.

We hope that even now a peaceful solution will quickly be found and pray for those from many countries who are still working for that outcome. We need to pray also that other countries will not be drawn into this conflict.

We stand with our fellow Christians in both countries caught up in this conflict, Orthodox, Catholic and all other denominations and with other peace-loving people. We pray that God will help them to witness to the message of the Gospel and that this will bring peace and hope to those affected by these dark times.

And we hope that Christians the world over will do what they can to reject violence towards their fellow human beings and fellow Christians. That God will give wisdom to all political leaders, particularly those in Ukraine and Russia, the wisdom to see that war and the horrors that it brings is not the way to settle disputes.

It is possible that their position has changed somewhat since then. Their May 2022 newsletter is fronted by a letter from a trustee of the organisation which concludes with,

Consequently, NATO nations must literally dig in to repel a hostile Russia. Although pacifists would not accept this, perhaps to continue to support Ukraine militarily is the sanest answer, bearing in mind the great peril the world is now in; some would say, its moment of maximum danger. In this we can but regret the failure of nuclear disarmament campaigns and continue to support the peace activists working in this area.

Obviously, the above statements only represent a concise summary of the positions taken by these organisations, and there are many other organisations that I haven't discussed. A detailed discussion of the views of every pacifist in the World is well beyond the scope of this site.

Answer 2

In Germany, there is a group of intellectuals (which include the former State Minister for Culture Julian Nida-Rümelin, so it includes at least one former politician) published an open letter in the newspaper Die Zeit that called for an end to war and negotiations with Russia.

Their argument was basically that supporting the Ukraine war effort would just mean to prolong the war and therefore lead to more suffering, and bring with it the spectre of nuclear proliferation if Putin goes through with his announcements to equip Belarus with nuclear-capable missiles.

The counter-argument to that was that ceasing to support Ukraine would not mean that Russia would start negotiations, but that Russia would conquer Ukraine unhindered and claim victory. But this what comes closest to a pacifist position in Germany (and was promptly almost universally denounced as naive and/or stupid).

Tino Chrupalla, the leader of AfD faction in the German parliament (AfD being a party on the extreme right) called for an end to sanctions against Russia and claimed that "the West" bears at least some responsibility for the war. That's not a widely shared notion even within his own party, but it somewhat resembles a pacifist position (AfD is not per se against violence, I guess he just does not like action against people with whom he feels ideologically aligned).

But as a political movement with any kind of influence it would seem that here in Germany at least pacifism is essentially dead, with Putin being blamed for killing it.

Answer 3

Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen (Alliance 90 / The Greens), the Green Party of Germany, has its roots in the peace movement, has pacifism as an explicit pillar of their policies in their party program, and has just recently, in their latest annual party convention, explicitly reaffirmed its commitment to pacifism.

However, they are (almost ironically) among the strongest proponents of supporting Ukraine with arms (including heavy artillery) and military aid. Although they also want to see this balanced with humanitarian aid and refugee support, and in particular, they are pointing out that Germany must support both refugees from Ukraine as well as from Russia (e.g. deserters or dissidents).

So, in other words, the leading pacifist party in Germany is leading the charge for military aid for Ukraine while at the same time reaffirming their commitment to pacifism. To use the terms from your question: the German Greens are committed to idealistic pacifism but have resigned to pragmatic non-pacifism in this particular conflict.

Answer 4

Definitely not quite a representative of pacifism, but Henry Kissinger is the most prominent politician talking about Ukraine having to make some concessions to Russia to end the war. This article in the Washington Post describes it. And there is an other article in CNNBC where Kissinger also tallking about this topic.

Answer 5

As for your last question, this is basically the viewpoint of the Hungarian leadership. Beside the fact that there is a large Hungarian minority living in Transcarpatia county of Ukraine who now have to fight in a (from a Hungarian viewpoint) worthless war, their argument is also heavily based on economical reasons. They say that the ongoing inflation and energy crisis and hence the stagnation/recession in the whole developed world (not to mention the famine in the developing world) would also end or shorten by such a step, and this is beneficial for basically everybody. When the economy is back on track, it is also much easier for the West to rebuild what remains from Ukraine.

Answer 6

Green Party of the United States

Green Party of the United States has opposed the Russian invasion and has blamed both Russia for the actual invasion and the US government and Western powers for the "provocations".

Gerhard Schroeder (Germany’s former Chancellor, 1998-2005)

Gerhard Schroeder mentioned that the situation with the Russian invasion "can be alleviated only through a diplomatic solution".

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Greens stand in solidarity with the people of Ukraine and Russia who oppose the invasion

The Green Party is calling on the leaders of the United States, NATO and Russia to immediately initiate diplomatic talks together with Ukrainian leadership to resolve the crisis in Ukraine. On February 24, Russian President Vladimir Putin launched a ground-and-air invasion throughout Ukraine, including the capital city of Kyiv.

The Green Party condemns Russia’s military incursion, which is in violation of international law, regardless of real or perceived provocations. We also recognize the US government and Western powers are responsible for 30 years of provocations by failing to respect the promise to not expand NATO after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. This reckless antagonism between world powers has led to war with the potential for massive destruction, environmental damage and loss of life.

“The threat of all-out nuclear war is hanging over everyone. The US and other countries should be working together to combat climate change instead of fighting over resources that gain profits for the multinational corporations,” said Rita Jacobs, member of the Green Party’s Peace Action Committee (GPAX). We call on the parties involved to pursue a diplomatic solution through the United Nations, in accordance with international law. A serious solution that prioritizes the lives of Ukrainian civilians will require an immediate ceasefire, withdrawal of Russian troops, a promise of no US troops or arms in Ukraine, and a commitment to diplomacy.”

Green Party of the United States, Friday, February 25, 2022: https://www.gp.org/green_party_calls_for_ceasefire_and_diplomatic_solution_to_ukraine_crisis

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Germany’s former Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder (1998-2005) said he doesn’t think it expedient to refuse from contacts with Russian President Vladimir Putin amid Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine and stands for diplomatic settlement.

"I would not refuse from my possibilities of speaking with President Putin," he said in an interview with the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper, which came out on Sunday.

He stressed that the situation should have a diplomatic solution. "The fate of Ukrainian servicemen and civilians can be alleviated only through a diplomatic solution," he said.

Schroeder calls for diplomatic solution in Ukraine and continuing contacts with Russia: https://tass.com/world/1478069

Answer 7

Jeffrey Sachs

The conclusion on his latest article on his personal website says:

Instead of risking this disaster, the real solution is to end the neocon fantasies of the past 30 years and for Ukraine and Russia to return to the negotiating table, with NATO committing to end its commitment to the eastward enlargement to Ukraine and Georgia in return for a viable peace that respects and protects Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.

He has consistently held this view and has denounced both Putin's aggression as well as American politician's view that American is exceptional and therefore can dangerously act in world politics with hubris. In his view, war is not the answer; negotiation is.

Answer 8

In Switzerland there is a political group called "Group for a Switzerland without an Army" (Wikipedia) which is undoubtedly the most prominent pacifist group in Switzerland. Some of its members are elected politicians but it's not a party, it uses Switzerland's tools for direct democracy.

Notably it doesn't have an official position on whether it supports Ukraine's defence. Some prominent members do support Ukraine's military, some don't. The group clearly condemns Putin's attack and Putin's regime in general. They ask for strong sanctions against Putin, his oligarchs and his resource exports. But most of all they view themselves as a group which tries to prevent war, and after war has already started it's too late for its work to be really effective.

Disclaimer: I may or may not be affiliated with this group.

Answer 9

I think it's arguable that the war in Ukraine has risen to the level of "genocide,"¹ but the war does present essentially the same problem to pacifists as many other major wars and unambiguous genocides. This is mentioned in Jörg W Mittag's answer: in response to an open letter in Die Zeit that suggests ending the war via negotiations with Russia, the counter-argument is

...that ceasing to support Ukraine would not mean that Russia would start negotiations, but that Russia would conquer Ukraine unhindered and claim victory. But this what comes closest to a pacifist position in Germany (and was promptly almost universally denounced as naive and/or stupid).

I don't see any difference between 21st and 20th century thought here, probably because of basic problem touched upon above. George Orwell more clearly formulated this exact same problem eighty years ago during World War II in his letter "Pacifism and the War":

Pacifism is objectively pro-Fascist. This is elementary common sense. If you hamper the war effort of one side you automatically help that of the other. Nor is there any real way of remaining outside such a war as the present one. In practice, ‘he that is not with me is against me’. The idea that you can somehow remain aloof from and superior to the struggle, while living on food which British sailors have to risk their lives to bring you, is a bourgeois illusion bred of money and security. Mr Savage remarks that ‘according to this type of reasoning, a German or Japanese pacifist would be “objectively pro-British”.’ But of course he would be! That is why pacifist activities are not permitted in those countries (in both of them the penalty is, or can be, beheading) while both the Germans and the Japanese do all they can to encourage the spread of pacifism in British and American territories. The Germans even run a spurious ‘freedom’ station which serves out pacifist propaganda indistinguishable from that of the P.P.U. They would stimulate pacifism in Russia as well if they could, but in that case they have tougher babies to deal with. In so far as it takes effect at all, pacifist propaganda can only be effective against those countries where a certain amount of freedom of speech is still permitted; in other words it is helpful to totalitarianism.

The one major difference above is that pacifists outside the Ukraine are not actually living on the fruits of the war work that Ukrainians are doing and dying for, as were pacifists in England in 1942, but being willing to throw Ukrainians under a bus because doing so doesn't hurt you doesn't exactly come across as an example of great morality.

In his 1949 article "Reflections on Gandhi", describes what might be the most extreme pacifist response to genocide:

In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: 'What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?' ...Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr Louis Fischer's Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr Fischer Gandhi's view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which 'would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler's violence'. After the war he justified himself: the Jews had been killed anyway, and might as well have died significantly.... If you are not prepared to take life, you must often be prepared for lives to be lost in some other way.

Regarding whether pacifism "could be a pragmatic justification for negotiations with Russia," I don't see how, unless if it were of a very contingent and temporary sort. What if the "pragmatic" decision turns out to be that putting a stop to Russia here by continuing to prosecute the war seems most likely to minimise harm in the long run?

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^{¹ "Pacifist position in support of genocide of Ukraine" is the title at the time I'm writing this answer.}

Answer 10

I think these quotes from a Belgian and German NGOs kinda summarize the situation of peace activists in these circumstances:

“We had maybe three, 4,000 people, which is not many,” Ludo De Brabander, a member of Belgian peace group Vrede vzw, told The Intercept. “It was difficult to mobilize.”

“Iraq was very clear: It was an aggressive war based on false arguments,” he added. In Ukraine, by contrast, it was Russia that had staged an illegal, unprovoked invasion, and U.S.-led support to Ukraine was understood by many as crucial to stave off even worse atrocities than those the Russian military had already committed. That has left peace activists scrambling, said De Brabander, “because we don’t want to support NATO. And of course, we also oppose what Russia is doing. And a position in between, with alternatives to war, is very difficult to sell.” [...]

De Brabander noted that it did not help that some on the radical left of the peace movement “see only U.S. responsibilities or EU responsibilities.” That has exposed more moderate voices to the accusation that they are apologists for Putin. “There’s this very black-and-white vision that if you’re not with us, then you’re against us,” he added, noting that those calling for the dissolution of NATO were regularly accused of defending Russian interests. [...]

“We have been calling for the delegitimization of NATO, and there is really no reason to change that,” said Reiner Braun, a German activist and executive director of the International Peace Bureau. Braun noted that a coalition of dozens of groups calling for NATO’s dissolution are planning a peace summit in Madrid in June, to counter the alliance’s official gathering in the same city. “The main reasons why we are against NATO, the militarization, the military spending, the aggressive attitude, NATO’s expansion — these are all criticisms that are still valid.”

“We are definitely in opposition to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, but without excusing Putin, we are also explaining that one of the reasons for the current situation is NATO’s expansion over the last 25 or so years,” he added. “It is not an excuse for the invasion, but it helps to understand how such a situation could happen.” [...]

It’s what De Brandeber describes as a “policy of self-fulfilling prophecy”: NATO taking a provocative action (expanding to Russia’s border) that contributes to a crisis that, in turn, justifies the existence of NATO. “Putin has become the best defender of NATO policy,” he added. “He made NATO very strong with this war.”

I've read that (pretty long) article in its entirety, but it alas doesn't contain any quotes on a concrete proposal how to de-escalate now, unless you want to read between the lines that NATO dissolving should also mean Western countries not sending weapons to Ukraine. Save maybe for this quote:

Antonio Mazzeo, an Italian journalist and peace activist [said] “But it’s true that a majority of political voices and pundits have become uniform.” He added, “There is a whole segment of the population that rejects the logic of war, of taking sides, of sending weapons, but it hasn’t figured out how to take a position, how to directly intervene in the discourse around this war.”

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Condemning the "illegal war in Ukraine" but also condemning NATO was the position of one representatives (Judith Benda) of the (German political party) Die Linke to that parallel summit in Madrid. Likewise, Sevim Dağdelen, an MP for Die Linke said in an interview

alongside my party Die Linke, I have spoken out against arms deliveries from the very start, because we think they will prolong the war and loss of life in Ukraine. [...]

Although this may seem utopian to many people in Germany today at this moment, our long-term goal has to be to dissolve NATO and replace it with a collective security system that has disarmament and cooperation as its overarching objective.

So, if you want a reflection of those NGO position (quoted earlier) in a political party, Die Linke is probably a good example.

And while the idealistic position in re NATO possibly sets them apart (e.g.) from the AfD, in that interview Dağdelen also mentions pragmatic reasons like Russian gas:

The economic war with Russia is jeopardizing Germany's entire prosperity model. The Western sanctions have not ended the war. Instead, they are acting like a boomerang. They are hitting us, the people and industry in Germany. [...]

Should gas deliveries from Russia cease, we will face a disaster in Germany such as we have not known since the global economic crisis during the Weimar Republic.

Which have also been raised by some AfD members, like Höcke. Somewhat aside, interestingly, the AfD seems split on how strongly to condemn the war, and these developments somewhat contradict what Eike Pierstorff wrote further above--the June AfD conference failed to muster a majority to condemn the war.

The "Rethinking Europe" resolution called for improved ties with Moscow and only referred to Russia's invasion of Ukraine as a conflict, never using the German word for war, Krieg.

It was put forward by the party's influential and arguably most extreme right-wing figure, Björn Höcke, but encountered resistance from more moderate forces in the party and its leadership.

Delegates from western Germany said the resolution's text trivialized the invasion and should use a stronger term like Russia's war of aggression.

Despite the party's two co-leaders, Tino Chrupalla and Alice Weidel, requesting that the text be revised, they failed to achieve a majority by two votes among party delegates.

So the conference was called off early. That article also mentions that AfD has also opposed sending weapons, and that that has apparently cost them votes in the western side of Germany:

[The AfD] has also suffered regional election losses in western states this year that many in the party attribute at least in part to its comparatively ambivalent posture on the war in Ukraine, which include its opposition to Germany sending weapons to the government in Kyiv.

Opposing heavy weapon shipments apparently was something that the AfD could more easily agree upon:

The motion [to send heavy weapons] would prolong the fighting in Ukraine and "could make us party to a nuclear war," said the AfD's most senior Bundestag lawmaker Tino Chrupalla.

The socialist Left Party [Die Linke] was also against the move, pointing to earlier statements by Chancellor Olaf Scholz about how heavy weapons deliveries increase a risk of a nuclear escalation. [...] The Left Party also said that delivering more weapons would simply make the war last longer.

Now if you want popular sentiment, according to an April poll

The poll – a monthly survey of political sentiment for ARD and die Welt – also shows that supporters of the Greens, SPD, FDP and CDU/CSU are overwhelmingly in favour of the arms deliveries, while the majority of AfD voters are against them.

(Die Linke is alas not mentioned. Nor does the [English] coverage of that poll extend to reasons why those who were opposed were so.)

You probably know the situation in France better than I do, but it seems that one can generalize to a good extent from the one in Germany to other European countries, e.g. AP headlines "France’s Le Pen warns against sending weapons to Ukraine" (but sadly there are no direct quotes in the article). Likewise, according to AP "Mélenchon has also expressed opposition to supplying weapons to Ukraine and wants France to leave NATO’s military command, ideas which are not acceptable to center-left politicians." (But not direct quotes, nor detailing his reasoning for opposing weapon deliveries.) In Italy, the 5 Star movement is apparently also opposed to sending weapons to Ukraine. And "Italian transport unions on Friday [May 20] striked in protest against military aid for Ukraine and called for an immediate ceasefire". In Spain, Podemos (which is somewhat like a Spanish version of Die Linke) is part of the coalition government, but they oppose NATO membership and sending weapons; they actually put out a statement criticizing the deliveries, but [insofar] didn't quit the government over that. Vox [typically classified as populist right] however seems to have endorsed arms shipments in February, but I could not find any newer statements.

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I suppose we can add Donald Trump here now. Although his statement is a little vague on specifics, he says he'll force a peace deal between Russia and Ukraine within 24 hours of being re-elected president. I'm not totally sure if this is a different speech [the wording is a bit different] or another section of the same, but he was also quoted as saying:

“It really has to be done from the office of the president,” Trump said. “And you have to get them both in a room and there are things you can say to each one of them, which I won’t reveal now, which will guarantee that this war will end immediately.”

What Trump meant by

"I could have negotiated. At worst, I could've made a deal to take over something, there are certain areas that are Russian-speaking areas, frankly, but you could've worked a deal."

is anybody's guess.

Now for something more explicit, some Republicans led by Matt Gaetz have proposed a resolution (which has a pretty long preamble but ultimately says) that:

(1) the United States must end its military and financial aid to Ukraine; and

(2) the House of Representatives urges all combatants to reach a peace agreement.

Among the reasons listed/claimed is the vast amount of money that the US spent on that aid (spelling out all of that takes most of the preamble), depletion of US armament stocks "weakening United States readiness in the event of conflict", and that

by providing assistance to Ukraine, the United States is inadvertently contributing to civilian casualties.

As for their record on other similar matters (i.e. how pacifist they are in general), Reason paints a pretty mixed picture. Some of [but not all of] these Republicans have voted to also stop military aid to the Saudis, but apparently none did that when it came to Israel.

Generally speaking, even critics of "America First" doctrine[s] seem to admit/conclude that it includes a pacifism component.

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As I see nobody mentioned Corbyn here... (I managed to find a quote from him without paying 6 pounds to the Russell Foundation, which published an essay from him earlier in the war, next to one from Putin, by the way.)

“Pouring arms in isn’t going to bring about a solution, it’s only going to prolong and exaggerate this war,” Corbyn said. “We might be in for years and years of a war in Ukraine.”

Corbyn gave the interview on Al Mayadeen, a Beirut-based TV channel that has carried pro-Russia reporting since Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Ukraine.

“What I find disappointing is that hardly any of the world’s leaders use the word peace; they always use the language of more war, and more bellicose war.”

He added: “This war is disastrous for the people of Ukraine, for the people of Russia, and for the safety and security of the whole world, and therefore there has to be much more effort put into peace.”

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According to Silvio Berlusconi [who seems far more overtly sympathetic to the Russian position that others I mentioned above tough], the the US could pressure Ukraine into an immediate (next day) ceasefire by promising Ukraine a 6-9T$ "Marshall plan" for reconstruction, while at the same time threatening to cut all aid in the alternative. He also says the war is Ukraine (actually Zelensky's) fault for "attacking the Donbas republics". When asked whether it would take two parties (i.e. Russia's agreement) for a ceasefire, Berlusconi answers "no", so presumably he's talking about some kind of unilateral ceasefire by Ukraine, although admittedly he's isn't too clear on that angle.

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And Prigozhin maybe, assuming RFERL isn't making this up (as I've not seen it reported elsewhere insofar):

In a statement published on Telegram on April 15, Prigozhin urged Moscow to declare its goals in Ukraine as "achieved" and bring an end to the fighting there. Prigozhin wrote that "many of those who yesterday supported the special operation today either have doubts or are categorically opposed to what is happening."

Actually it has been reported by Newsweek too, with more detail

He also wrote that "theoretically, Russia has already achieved this decisive end by eradicating a large part of Ukraine's active male population and intimidating another part of it that has fled to Europe."

"Now there is only one thing left: to firmly gain a foothold, to claw in those territories that already exist. But there is a slyness - if earlier Ukraine was a part of the former Russia, now it is an absolutely national-oriented state," Prigozhin added. "If before February 24, 2022, the European Union was greedy to give Ukraine tens of millions of dollars, now tens of billions are being turned off for the war."

So he seems to be acknowledging a stalemate on some level, but he's calling it more of a victory for Russia.

Answer 11

Pope Francis calls the war

clear and unequivocal in condemning it as morally unjust, unacceptable, barbaric, senseless, repugnant and sacrilegious.

However the Pope has been criticized for not painting the war in black and white terms, and for leaving the door open to discussions with Moscow. He also regrets the death of Daria Dugina that was killed likely by chance while targeting her father, a far-right political philosopher, whose political views and support for Vladimir Putin she shared.

Someone may say to me at this point: but you are pro Putin! No, I am not (...) I am simply against reducing complexity to... good guys and bad guys, without reasoning about roots and interests, which are very complex.

In July, the head of the Roman Catholic Church repeated his wish to visit Ukraine.

Answer 12

US Congress candidate Geoff Young says in this article

Preventing nuclear war “is my main concern. That’s been my main concern for 40, 45 years,” he explained.

And “it’s most likely to happen, looking at today’s situation, when there is a tense, perhaps a war going on, such as Ukraine. And that’s where the chances of an accidental nuclear war are the highest,” he warned.

Young criticized the US government for sending weapons to Ukraine’s neo-Nazi Avoz Regiment, which has officially been part of the country’s National Guard since a 2014 Washington-sponsored coup.

Young is calling himself “probably the only anti-war Democrat” running for Congress.

Answer 13

I would like to learn (...) whether any prominent western politicians have expressed opinions in favor of making concessions to Russia in order to end the war.

DiEM25 The Democracy In Europe Movement (DiEM25) is a european transnational political movement that participates in elections in different countries, led among others by Greece's former Minister of Finances, Yanis Varoufakis.

They have produced a Peace Proposal for Ukraine that includes important concessions from Ukraine:

To this effect, DiEM25-MERA25 are tabling the following Five-Point Peace Treaty:

An immediate ceasefire to be followed by a rapid withdrawal of Russian troops behind 24-2-2022 lines.

The creation of a fully demilitarised zone, 200km on each side of the 24-2-2022 lines, to be monitored by means jointly agreed.

A mutual non-aggression protocol based on the recognition that Ukraine is a sovereign, militarily neutral country that allows no nuclear weapons on its territory.

A governance structure for the Eastern and Southern areas of Ukraine based on the Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement to ensure political equality between the Russian and Ukrainian speaking communities.

All parties agree to refer outstanding disputes pre-existing the 24-02-2022 invasion to UN facilitated negotiations.

This plan has been adopted by the members of DiEM25 by vote in November 2022. I will resist the temptation to give my opinion about that surrender plan.

Answer 14

Fox news host, Tucker Carlson sent a questionaire of 6 questions on the Ukraine-Russia war to the Republican party members who've shown interest and/or are likely to stand for presidency. While a few did take the typical old republican line of being hawkish by default, the norm was very far removed from that and in fact come as close (as republicans can get!) to being pacifist.

The 6 Questions

1. Is opposing Russia in Ukraine a vital strategic interest for America
2. Whats our objective in Ukraine?
3. How are we going to know we've achieved this objective?
4. What is the limit of money and weapons that we are ready to send to Zelensky?
5. Have US sanctions been effective?
6. Does the US face the threat of nuclear war with Russia?

The Answers

Its not a reasonable position for a sitting politician to be a full blue-blooded pacifist. However there are parts in the below that come close enough to being pacifist. These parts are bolded.

Trump

Russia would never even have attacked Ukraine if I were President. I oppose regime change in Russia, We should support regime change in the United States, that's far more important. The Biden administration are the ones who got us into this mess.

Trump repeatedly refers to the risk of nuclear war, its absolutely real and calls for a negotiated peace.

Both sides are weary and ready to make a deal. The meetings should start immediately, there is no time to spare. The death and destruction MUST END NOW.

The President must meet with each side, then both sides together, and quickly work out a deal. This can be easily done if conducted by the right President.

Ron DeSantis

[Carlson starts: "So far no one could really say where he stood on the war in Ukraine, now we know. DeSantis is adamantly opposed the position of all the neocons in Washington"]

^{Journalist Glenn Greenwald expresses some dissatisfaction with the ease with which Tucker Carlson gives DeSantis a clean chit from being a NeoCon. Yet his summary position is noteworthy: It’s hard to overstate the significance of Gov. DeSantis’ statement to Tucker Carlson on Ukraine this week: With both DeSantis and Trump dissenting from US policy in Ukraine, (and agreeing with each other) a major faction within the GOP is now breaking with Washington's bipartisan (Uniparty) consensus}

While the US has many vital national interests — securing our borders, addressing the crisis of readiness within our military, achieving energy security and independence, and checking the economic, cultural, and military power of the Chinese Communist Party — becoming further entangled in a territorial dispute between Ukraine and Russia is not one of them. The Biden administration's virtual "blank check" funding of this conflict for "as long as it takes" without any defined objectives or accountability, distracts from our country's most pressing challenges.

Without question, peace should be the objective. The US should not provide assistance that could require the deployment of American troops or enable Ukraine to engage in offensive operations beyond its borders. F-16s and long range missiles should be off the table. These moves would risk explicitly drawing us closer to a hot war between the world's two largest nuclear powers. That risk is unacceptable.

DeSantis goes on to oppose the policy of regime change in Moscow that is very popular in Washington. He points out that the Biden administration has created an alliance between Russia and China and that's a disaster for the US.

We cannot prioritize intervention in an escalating foreign war over the defense of our own homeland... and our weapons arsenals are rapidly being depleted.

Vivek Ramaswamy

China wants the Ukraine war to the Ukraine war to last as long as possible to deplete western military capacity before invading Taiwan. Its working! We think we become stronger by helping Ukraine but actually become weaker vis-a-vis China. We spent 20 years droning people in caves in the middle east and central Asia and have little to show for it. We should be taking after the people who have caused the deaths of a hundred thousand Americans every year -- the Mexican drug cartels.

If I were President right now I would limit any further funding or support to Ukraine.

Ukraine isn't in the top five of American policy priorities right now, and yet merely questioning whether the money we've spent on the war is being done effectively or perhaps even prolonging the war is seen as disloyal.

The Europeans need to do more — its their backyard, its their borders. We cant be the nanny of Europe forever; we have too much to take care of here at home.

We get accused by both democrats and republicans of being Putin sympathizers. Washington Uniparty and defense contractors want this conflict to go on forever.

For the sake of the global economy and peace we should be doing everything we can to end it tomorrow

Kristi Noem

Tucker says : Kristi says something we rarely hear viz.

The US has come to rely too heavily on financial sanctions as a weapon of deterrence. Now, nations that hate America are consciously moving away from the US dollar as the world's reserve currency. Sanctions against China, Iran, and Russia have bolstered the Russian ruble and enabled China to establish trade in Chinese money rather than in US dollars.

Greg Abbot

President Biden's blank check foreign policy has drawn nothing but ridicule and disdain from our adversaries. Throwing money at Ukraine with no accountability or objective is clearly failing. Worse President Biden's approach to Ukraine has been at the expense of underfunding or ignoring priorities at home. As Governor of Texas, I am focussed on responding to this Biden-made border crisis and delivering real results for Texans.

Nikki Haley

(did not respond with the others but send later): Flat No to regime change

Democrats — past and present

While Tucker Carlson only addressed Republican hopefuls, three Democrats, one upcoming in 2024 and one from the last election cycle and one from an earlier era also need to be considered — Marianne Williamson and Tulsi Gabbard. Who turns out to be following a replay of Ronald Reagan.

Marianne Williamson

Q: [Sitting here in DC where nobody is allowed to say negotiation and diplomacy...] As president would you get to negotiation and diplomacy?
MW: Its a complicated situation. But of course the goal should always be negotiation and diplomacy. General Miley and the RAND corp have said that that is the only possibility here.
Q: [Referring to the fact that Boris Johnson stopped the peace deal early last year and as exposed later by former Israeli PM] What do you think of those reports?
MW: I think those reports are indisputably true.
The voice of those who would say let's perpetrate this war let's keep it going in order to weaken Russia — they would not be in the room with me, they would have no no influence on my thinking whatsoever.

[OTOH] Those who are concerned about the imperialistic invasion on the part of Putin, despite the imperialism in our own past who are concerned about the invasion of a sovereign nation and wanting to analyze what this would mean for that entire area they would have a voice with me.

But those who just want to use this as a proxy war to weaken Russia to me those are the voices of horror. They have had far too much influence in this. They're no different than those who said, Let's invade Iraq! In my mind and they would have no voice with me

Tulsi Gabbard

I can no longer remain in the democratic party that is in the complete control of an elitist cabal of warmongers.

Ronald Reagan

Much of the Tulsi Gabbard interview above is about how she is walking along the steps of Reagan and who said: I did not leave the Democrats they left me. And as Greg Price says:

Liz Cheney says Ron DeSantis "forgot the lessons of Ronald Reagan" and Lindsey Graham compared him to Neville Chamberlain for wanting to pursue peace in Ukraine.

Reagan in 1987 negotiated the INF treaty with Gorbachev for which he was also compared by hawks (then Republicans!) to Chamberlain.