Another factor in addition to those already mentioned is that the U.S. has a strong Presidency, rather than a parliamentary system.

In a parliamentary system, you need to have a legislatively elected Prime Minister and cabinet to be chosen by and accountable to a legislature and it is much less natural to make a prime minister and cabinet (who exercise basically all real power in a parliamentary system) accountable to one legislative chamber rather than two. This tends to make the chamber(s) without a say in choosing a Prime Minister atrophy in power.

In a strong Presidential system, in contrast, the operation of the executive branch doesn't require strong legislative involvement or support, so, a bicameral legislative process is more feasible. A deadlock on any given important bill won't cause the day to day functioning of the entire government to cease to function. So it isn't as important functionally to make one chamber dominant and the other(s) subordinate.