The bolded part doesn't apply to President Trump. Specifically, it includes the following:
of a term to which some other person was elected President
President Trump is only serving in the term to which he was elected. If, in addition to the current term where he has been elected president, he had also served over two years of a term to which someone else was elected, then the term limit would apply.
So yes, President Trump can run again in 2024 (or any future election until the term limit does kick in) because the term limit doesn't apply (assuming a different president assumes office in 2021).