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I was puzzled by the following sentence in an article titled Turkey’s snuggling up to Russia is likely to hurt it in the February 16th, 2017 print issue of The Economist:

Russia needs Turkey to speed up the political process in Syria by bringing anti-regime forces to the negotiating table.

From a "Realpolitik" perspective, does Russia by now not have great interest in prolonging the civil war in Syria in order to keep up the flow of refugees into Europe and thereby weakening both the E.U. and its members? Isn't this in effect the larger driver of its Syria policy than e.g. Mediterranean naval bases that Russia might also want to secure there? How do experts judge?

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  • Did you mean to say realpolitik instead of real-political? Commented Feb 21, 2017 at 19:21
  • @DavidGrinberg Yep (not a native speaker).
    – Drux
    Commented Feb 21, 2017 at 20:19

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Yes, Russia does need Turkey's help to get parts of the Syrian opposition to negotiate. Turkey has been supporting some parts of the opposition forces (including providing weapons) since the start of the conflict. As these parts of opposition are partly dependent on Turkey for their survival, Turkey holds considerable power over them.

To the second part of your question: I have not seen any indications that Russia would wish to prolong the Syrian conflict or that it would take intentional steps which would increase the flow of refugees into Europe. The displacement of Syrian people has slowed down considerably after the catastrophe of 2012-2014 (when Russia was not yet engaged in Syria). 2012-2014 was the time of advancement of ISIS in Syria, and not even BBC tries to claim that Russia is responsible for that. Russia has taken several steps which have been aimed at de-escalation and at keeping the displacement of civilians internal to Syria. It has started the swaps of pro-government and anti-government pockets, separating the fighting sides and decreasing the intensity of armed conflict while not expelling significant number of people from inside Syria. It has conducted a long-term reconciliation programme. This is a slow but steady process practically invisible in the Western media. Recently it has initiated the de-escalation zones which could help the political negotiations in Geneva to start producing some results. There is some opposition to them (mainly because Iran is involved also) but they have the support of the Syrian government and Turkey (which controls significant parts of the opposition, see above) which gives them a chance to work. The de-escalation deal, of course, does not include ISIS or Syrian Al-Quaeda.

it is necessary to consider also Russian motives. I think the West greatly underestimates the weight Russia and Putin personally give to necessity to fight Chechen jihadists before they return to Russia. The Chechen conflict has always been of enormous importance to Putin, he's been fighting it since 1999 and never stopped. Another thing to consider is the cost of involvement in the Syrian conflict for Russia, which Russia can ill afford right now. Russia has achieved its most important objectives in Syria - keeping a naval resupply base in the Mediterranean and influence on European gas imports - and there's little the continuation of the conflict could add to them, except uncertainty.

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  • "I have not seen any indications that Russia would wish to prolong the Syrian conflict or that it would take intentional steps which would increase the flow of refugees into Europe" some intelligence services think otherwise: kapo.ee/sites/default/files/public/content_page/… "Kremlin is using the situation in Syria for its purposes, amplifying the influx of refugees into Europe" page 25
    – Federico
    Commented May 14, 2017 at 14:03
  • @Federico I think it would be difficult to find more biased opinion on Russia, Russian motives and goals than that of the Estonian Internal Security Service. I am very distrustful of anything it says without providing supporting facts. But I have to concede that I am very distrustful of anybody in the US-EU-Russia debate...
    – Ondrej
    Commented May 15, 2017 at 4:21
  • And I tend to distrust anything that tries to depict Russia as the one that is doing nothing wrong.
    – Federico
    Commented May 15, 2017 at 7:08
  • @Federico I'm not trying to say that Russia is doing nothing wrong. I'm answering a question, using respected sources where possible. Al Jazeera (which certainly does not have pro-russian bias) has prepared a nice graph showing the evolution of the displacement of Syrians. It is heartbreaking. 12 million people have lost their homes. It also shows that if Russia wants to displace more of them it is doing very bad job, since the displacement has considerably slowed since 2014.
    – Ondrej
    Commented May 15, 2017 at 10:21
  • it has slowed overall, but towards Europe has increased significantly exactly in 2014, according to that same graph
    – Federico
    Commented May 15, 2017 at 10:24

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